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Garbled text equally a upshot of incorrect character encoding

Mojibake ( 文字化け ; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the upshot of text existence decoded using an unintended character encoding.^[1] The result is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, oftentimes from a different writing system.

This display may include the generic replacement grapheme ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement can also involve multiple consecutive symbols, as viewed in one encoding, when the same binary lawmaking constitutes 1 symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (as in Asian 16-bit encodings vs European viii-bit encodings), or the employ of variable length encodings (notably UTF-eight and UTF-16).

Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different issue that is not to be dislocated with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code point displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the outcome of correct error handling by the software.

Etymology [edit]

Mojibake means "character transformation" in Japanese. The word is composed of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "character" and 化け (bake, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".

Causes [edit]

To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence between the encoded data and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. Equally mojibake is the example of non-compliance between these, it can be achieved past manipulating the information itself, or simply relabeling it.

Mojibake is often seen with text data that have been tagged with a wrong encoding; it may not even exist tagged at all, merely moved betwixt computers with different default encodings. A major source of trouble are communication protocols that rely on settings on each computer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the information.

The differing default settings betwixt computers are in part due to differing deployments of Unicode among operating organization families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for different writing systems of human languages. Whereas Linux distributions more often than not switched to UTF-viii in 2004,^[ii] Microsoft Windows by and large uses UTF-16, and sometimes uses 8-bit lawmaking pages for text files in different languages.^{[ dubious – talk over ]}

For some writing systems, an example beingness Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to see mojibake relatively ofttimes. As a Japanese instance, the word mojibake "文字化け" stored as EUC-JP might exist incorrectly displayed as "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The aforementioned text stored equally UTF-8 is displayed every bit "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted every bit Shift JIS. This is further exacerbated if other locales are involved: the aforementioned UTF-8 text appears as "文字化ã'" in software that assumes text to exist in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-1 encodings, unremarkably labelled Western, or (for instance) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as beingness in a GBK (Mainland China) locale.

Mojibake instance

Original text	文		字		化		け
Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding	CA	B8	BB	FA	B2	BD	A4	B1
Bytes interpreted equally Shift-JIS encoding	ﾊ	ｸ	ｻ	郾		ｽ	､	ｱ
Bytes interpreted every bit ISO-8859-1 encoding	Ê	¸	»	ú	²	½	¤	±
Bytes interpreted as GBK encoding	矢		机		步		け

Underspecification [edit]

If the encoding is non specified, it is up to the software to decide information technology past other ways. Depending on the type of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are prone to mis-prediction in non-so-uncommon scenarios.

The encoding of text files is affected past locale setting, which depends on the user's language, brand of operating system and possibly other conditions. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically wrong for files that come from a computer with a different setting, or even from a differently localized software within the same organisation. For Unicode, one solution is to use a byte guild mark, merely for source code and other car readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding as metadata in the file arrangement. File systems that support extended file attributes tin can shop this as user.charset.^[3] This also requires back up in software that wants to take advantage of it, but does non disturb other software.

While a few encodings are easy to find, in particular UTF-8, there are many that are difficult to distinguish (see charset detection). A spider web browser may not be able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and some other in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is non assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent along with the documents, or using the HTML document'due south meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to ship the proper HTTP headers; run across character encodings in HTML.

Mis-specification [edit]

Mojibake besides occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This ofttimes happens betwixt encodings that are similar. For example, the Eudora email client for Windows was known to send emails labelled as ISO-8859-1 that were in reality Windows-1252.^[four] The Mac Os version of Eudora did not exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the about ofttimes seen being curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were non displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this particularly affected software running under other operating systems such every bit Unix.

Human ignorance [edit]

Of the encodings still in utilise, many are partially compatible with each other, with ASCII as the predominant common subset. This sets the phase for homo ignorance:

• Compatibility can exist a deceptive property, equally the common subset of characters is unaffected past a mixup of two encodings (see Issues in different writing systems).
• People recollect they are using ASCII, and tend to characterization any superset of ASCII they really utilize as "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, but even in academic literature, the give-and-take "ASCII" tin can exist found used as an example of something non compatible with Unicode, where evidently "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-8.^[i] Note that UTF-eight is backwards compatible with ASCII.

Overspecification [edit]

When there are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on different information, the to the lowest degree certain information may exist misleading to the recipient. For example, consider a web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The character fix may be communicated to the customer in any number of three ways:

• in the HTTP header. This information tin can exist based on server configuration (for instance, when serving a file off deejay) or controlled by the awarding running on the server (for dynamic websites).
• in the file, as an HTML meta tag (http-equiv or charset) or the encoding attribute of an XML declaration. This is the encoding that the writer meant to salvage the particular file in.
• in the file, as a byte order mark. This is the encoding that the writer's editor actually saved information technology in. Unless an accidental encoding conversion has happened (by opening it in ane encoding and saving it in another), this volition be correct. It is, however, only available in Unicode encodings such as UTF-viii or UTF-16.

Lack of hardware or software support [edit]

Much older hardware is typically designed to support simply one character set and the graphic symbol gear up typically cannot be altered. The grapheme table contained within the brandish firmware will be localized to have characters for the country the device is to be sold in, and typically the table differs from state to land. As such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a organisation from a unlike country. Likewise, many early on operating systems do non back up multiple encoding formats and thus will cease up displaying mojibake if made to display not-standard text—early versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm OS for example, are localized on a per-country footing and will merely support encoding standards relevant to the country the localized version will exist sold in, and volition display mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the OS is designed to support is opened.

Resolutions [edit]

Applications using UTF-eight as a default encoding may achieve a greater caste of interoperability because of its widespread apply and backward compatibility with U.s.-ASCII. UTF-viii as well has the ability to exist straight recognised by a elementary algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 up with other encodings.

The difficulty of resolving an case of mojibake varies depending on the application within which it occurs and the causes of it. 2 of the most common applications in which mojibake may occur are web browsers and discussion processors. Modernistic browsers and word processors ofttimes support a broad assortment of character encodings. Browsers often allow a user to change their rendering engine'southward encoding setting on the fly, while give-and-take processors allow the user to select the appropriate encoding when opening a file. It may take some trial and mistake for users to find the correct encoding.

The problem gets more than complicated when information technology occurs in an application that unremarkably does not support a wide range of grapheme encoding, such every bit in a non-Unicode computer game. In this case, the user must change the operating arrangement's encoding settings to lucifer that of the game. However, irresolute the system-wide encoding settings can besides crusade Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or later, a user also has the selection to utilise Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-awarding locale settings. Even so, changing the operating system encoding settings is non possible on before operating systems such equally Windows 98; to resolve this consequence on before operating systems, a user would have to use third party font rendering applications.

Issues in different writing systems [edit]

English [edit]

Mojibake in English texts generally occurs in punctuation, such as em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), simply rarely in character text, since most encodings concur with ASCII on the encoding of the English language alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" will appear every bit "£" if it was encoded by the sender as UTF-8 but interpreted by the recipient equally CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated using CP1252, this can pb to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.

Some computers did, in older eras, have vendor-specific encodings which caused mismatch as well for English language text. Commodore brand 8-bit computers used PETSCII encoding, particularly notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, but flipped the instance of all messages. IBM mainframes use the EBCDIC encoding which does not match ASCII at all.

Other Western European languages [edit]

The alphabets of the North Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, German, French, Portuguese and Castilian are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The additional characters are typically the ones that become corrupted, making texts only mildly unreadable with mojibake:

• å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
• à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
• æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
• á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
• ä, ö, ü, and ß in German
• á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faeroese
• á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
• à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
• à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
• á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Spanish
• à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
• á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish
• à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
• £ in British English

… and their uppercase counterparts, if applicative.

These are languages for which the ISO-8859-1 character set (besides known as Latin one or Western) has been in use. Withal, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted by two competing standards, the astern compatible Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-15. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, simply otherwise any confusion of these three character sets does not create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, it is ever safe to interpret ISO-8859-ane as Windows-1252, and fairly rubber to interpret it as ISO-8859-15, in particular with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). However, with the advent of UTF-8, mojibake has become more common in certain scenarios, eastward.thousand. substitution of text files betwixt UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-viii's incompatibility with Latin-1 and Windows-1252. Just UTF-8 has the ability to exist straight recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avert mixing UTF-8 upwardly with other encodings, so this was almost common when many had software not supporting UTF-8. About of these languages were supported past MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, so problems when ownership an operating system version were less common. Windows and MS-DOS are not compatible notwithstanding.

In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is unremarkably obvious when one character gets corrupted, e.chiliad. the second letter in "kÃ⁠¤rlek" ( kärlek , "love"). This way, even though the reader has to guess between å, ä and ö, near all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other mitt, does feature repeating vowels in words like hääyö ("hymeneals night") which tin can sometimes render text very hard to read (east.g. hääyö appears as "hÃ⁠¤Ã⁠¤yÃ⁠¶"). Icelandic and Faroese have ten and eight possibly confounding characters, respectively, which thus tin make information technology more difficult to guess corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") get almost entirely unintelligible when rendered as "þjóðlöð".

In German, Buchstabensalat ("letter of the alphabet salad") is a common term for this phenomenon, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).

Some users transliterate their writing when using a reckoner, either past omitting the problematic diacritics, or past using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an author might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard practice in German when umlauts are not bachelor. The latter practice seems to be better tolerated in the German language sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, and may be used jokingly. Withal, digraphs are useful in advice with other parts of the globe. As an example, the Norwegian football actor Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his proper noun spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his back when he played for Manchester United.

An artifact of UTF-viii misinterpreted equally ISO-8859-1, "Band meg nÃ¥" (" Ring meg nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.^[v]

Examples

Swedish example:		Smörgås (open sandwich)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
MS-DOS 437	ISO 8859-i	Sm"rg†due south
ISO 8859-1	Mac Roman	SmˆrgÂs
UTF-viii	ISO 8859-i	Smörgåsouthward
UTF-8	Mac Roman	Smörgåsouth

Central and Eastern European [edit]

Users of Central and Eastern European languages can also exist affected. Considering most computers were not continued to any network during the mid- to late-1980s, there were different character encodings for every linguistic communication with diacritical characters (run into ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-8), oftentimes likewise varying by operating system.

Hungarian [edit]

Hungarian is another affected language, which uses the 26 basic English characters, plus the absolute forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-ane character set), plus the two characters ő and ű, which are non in Latin-1. These two characters tin be correctly encoded in Latin-two, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Before Unicode became common in eastward-mail service clients, due east-mails containing Hungarian text frequently had the letters ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the indicate of unrecognizability. It is common to answer to an e-mail rendered unreadable (come across examples below) by character mangling (referred to as "betűszemét", meaning "letter garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling machine") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.

Examples [edit]

Source encoding	Target encoding	Result	Occurrence
Hungarian example		ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép	Characters in red are wrong and do not match the top-left example.
CP 852	CP 437	╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép	This was very common in DOS-era when the text was encoded past the Key European CP 852 encoding; notwithstanding, the operating arrangement, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Please notation that small-instance letters are mainly correct, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct considering CP 852 was made compatible with German. Nowadays occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques.
CWI-2	CP 437	ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép	The CWI-2 encoding was designed so that the text remains fairly well-readable even if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early 1990s, only nowadays information technology is completely deprecated.
Windows-1250	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép	The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Key-European i. Only ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are incorrect, only the text is completely readable. This is the most mutual error nowadays; due to ignorance, it occurs oftentimes on webpages or even in printed media.
CP 852	Windows-1250	µRVÖZTëRŠ TšG™RFéRŕChiliad P rvˇztűr‹ t k"rfŁr˘1000‚p	Key European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The apply of ű is right.
Windows-1250	CP 852	┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄ThouÍRF┌RËChiliad╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘk÷rf˙rˇgÚp	Central European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The use of ű is correct.
Quoted-printable	7-chip ASCII	=C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCThousand=D6RF=DAR=D3Thou=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCg=F6rf=FAr=F3g=E9p	Mainly caused past wrongly configured post servers but may occur in SMS messages on some cell-phones as well.
UTF-8	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÅ°RŐ TÃœKÖRFÚRÃ"GÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tükörfúrógép	Mainly caused by wrongly configured spider web services or webmail clients, which were not tested for international usage (equally the problem remains concealed for English language texts). In this instance the actual (often generated) content is in UTF-8; however, it is not configured in the HTML headers, so the rendering engine displays it with the default Western encoding.

Polish [edit]

Prior to the cosmos of ISO 8859-ii in 1987, users of various calculating platforms used their own character encodings such every bit AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Club on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Smoothen companies selling early on DOS computers created their ain mutually-incompatible means to encode Smoothen characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware code pages with the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other calculator sellers had placed them.

The state of affairs began to amend when, afterwards pressure from academic and user groups, ISO 8859-2 succeeded as the "Cyberspace standard" with limited support of the ascendant vendors' software (today largely replaced by Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the variety of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Polish diacritical characters as krzaczki ([kshach-kih], lit. "petty shrubs").

Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]

Mojibake may be colloquially called krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated past several systems for encoding Cyrillic.^[6] The Soviet Union and early Russian Federation developed KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Code for Information Substitution"). This began with Cyrillic-only 7-fleck KOI7, based on ASCII just with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. Then came eight-chip KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters only with loftier-chip set up octets corresponding to 7-chip codes from KOI7. Information technology is for this reason that KOI8 text, even Russian, remains partially readable after stripping the 8th fleck, which was considered every bit a major advantage in the historic period of 8BITMIME-unaware electronic mail systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and and so passed through the high flake stripping process, end upwardly rendered every bit "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Somewhen KOI8 gained unlike flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belarusian (KOI8-RU) and even Tajik (KOI8-T).

Meanwhile, in the West, Lawmaking page 866 supported Ukrainian and Belarusian as well as Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Folio 1251 added support for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.

Most recently, the Unicode encoding includes code points for practically all the characters of all the world's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.

Before Unicode, it was necessary to match text encoding with a font using the same encoding system. Failure to exercise this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific advent varied depending on the verbal combination of text encoding and font encoding. For example, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists almost entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists mostly of capital letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the same ASCII region, but KOI8 has uppercase letters in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the incorrect Cyrillic font. During the early years of the Russian sector of the World Wide Web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, one can withal encounter HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, as well as Unicode. (An estimated ane.7% of all web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.^[vii]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for whatever given spider web folio in its source,^[viii] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.

In Bulgarian, mojibake is often called majmunica ( маймуница ), meaning "monkey'south [alphabet]". In Serbian, information technology is called đubre ( ђубре ), meaning "trash". Dissimilar the former USSR, South Slavs never used something similar KOI8, and Code Page 1251 was the dominant Cyrillic encoding there earlier Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially similar to (although incompatible with) CP866.

Example

Russian instance:		Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
MS-DOS 855	ISO 8859-1	Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ
KOI8-R	ISO 8859-i	ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ
UTF-8	KOI8-R	п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀

Yugoslav languages [edit]

Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian (the dialects of the Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian linguistic communication) and Slovenian add to the bones Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their majuscule counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (just č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovenian; officially, although others are used when needed, mostly in foreign names, every bit well). All of these letters are defined in Latin-2 and Windows-1250, while only some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual OS-default Windows-1252, and are there because of some other languages.

Although Mojibake can occur with whatever of these characters, the messages that are not included in Windows-1252 are much more prone to errors. Thus, even nowadays, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is often displayed equally "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.

When bars to basic ASCII (near user names, for case), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (majuscule forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word instance). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, so reconstructing the original from such a form is ordinarily done manually if required.

The Windows-1252 encoding is important because the English versions of the Windows operating system are nearly widespread, not localized ones.^{[ citation needed ]} The reasons for this include a relatively small and fragmented market, increasing the cost of high quality localization, a high degree of software piracy (in turn caused by high cost of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English versions of Windows and other software.^{[ citation needed ]}

The bulldoze to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now even Montenegrin from the other three creates many problems. There are many different localizations, using different standards and of different quality. There are no mutual translations for the vast amount of computer terminology originating in English. In the end, people use adopted English words ("kompjuter" for "computer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may not understand what some option in a menu is supposed to do based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who understand English, equally well equally those who are accustomed to English terminology (who are almost, because English terminology is also generally taught in schools because of these problems) regularly choose the original English versions of non-specialist software.

When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is similar to other Cyrillic-based scripts.

Newer versions of English Windows permit the code page to be changed (older versions require special English versions with this back up), but this setting tin can be and oft was incorrectly prepare. For instance, Windows 98 and Windows Me can be set up to most non-correct-to-left single-byte lawmaking pages including 1250, but but at install fourth dimension.

Caucasian languages [edit]

The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This trouble is especially astute in the case of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a set of obsolete graphic symbol encodings for the Armenian alphabet which take been superseded by Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used because of a lack of back up in the computer industry. For instance, Microsoft Windows does not support it.

Asian encodings [edit]

Another type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as 1 of the encodings for E Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than i (typically two) characters are corrupted at one time, e.g. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed as "舐". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read, since messages unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is especially problematic for short words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since two letters are combined, the mojibake likewise seems more random (over 50 variants compared to the normal 3, not counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text cord which happens to include a pattern of particular word lengths, such every bit the sentence "Bush hid the facts", may exist misinterpreted.

Vietnamese [edit]

In Vietnamese, the phenomenon is called chữ ma , loạn mã can occur when figurer try to encode diacritic grapheme defined in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-8. Chữ ma was mutual in Vietnam when user was using Windows XP computer or using inexpensive mobile phone.

Example:		Trăm năm trong cõi người ta (Truyện Kiều, Nguyễn Du)
Original encoding	Target encoding	Result
Windows-1258	UTF-8	Trăgrand năchiliad trong cõi người ta
TCVN3	UTF-8	Tr¨thousand northward¨thousand trong câi ng­êi ta
VNI (Windows)	UTF-8	Traêyard northwardaêyard trong coõi ngöôøi ta

Japanese [edit]

In Japanese, the aforementioned phenomenon is, as mentioned, called mojibake ( 文字化け ). It is a particular problem in Japan due to the numerous different encodings that exist for Japanese text. Aslope Unicode encodings like UTF-8 and UTF-xvi, there are other standard encodings, such every bit Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, as well as beingness encountered by Japanese users, is besides often encountered by non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese market.

Chinese [edit]

In Chinese, the same phenomenon is called Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , pregnant 'chaotic lawmaking'), and can occur when computerised text is encoded in 1 Chinese graphic symbol encoding simply is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, it is often possible to fix the outcome by switching the graphic symbol encoding without loss of data. The situation is complicated because of the existence of several Chinese character encoding systems in employ, the most common ones being: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward compatible versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.

It is easy to identify the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:

Original encoding	Viewed every bit	Outcome	Original text	Note
Big5	GB	?T瓣в变巨肚	三國志曹操傳	Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original pregnant. The scarlet character is not a valid codepoint in GB2312.
Shift-JIS	GB	暥帤壔偗僥僗僩	文字化けテスト	Kana is displayed as characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Virtually of them are extremely uncommon and not in practical utilise in modern Chinese.
EUC-KR	GB	叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨	디제이맥스 테크니카	Random mutual Simplified Chinese characters which in virtually cases make no sense. Easily identifiable because of spaces between every several characters.

An additional problem is caused when encodings are missing characters, which is common with rare or blowsy characters that are withal used in personal or identify names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'s "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'s "堃" and vocalist David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'s "喆" missing in Big5, ex-Communist china Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'s "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.^[9]

Newspapers have dealt with this problem in various ways, including using software to combine ii existing, similar characters; using a picture of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare graphic symbol in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference.

Indic text [edit]

A like effect tin can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of Due south Asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, and others, fifty-fifty if the character prepare employed is properly recognized by the application. This is considering, in many Indic scripts, the rules past which individual letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may not exist properly understood past a figurer missing the advisable software, even if the glyphs for the individual letter forms are available.

One example of this is the quondam Wikipedia logo, which attempts to show the character coordinating to "wi" (the outset syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to bear the Devanagari character for "wi" instead used to display the "wa" character followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable every bit mojibake generated by a figurer not configured to display Indic text.^[10] The logo as redesigned as of May 2010^[ref] has fixed these errors.

The idea of Plain Text requires the operating system to provide a font to display Unicode codes. This font is dissimilar from Os to OS for Singhala and it makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some letters (syllables) across all operating systems. For instance, the 'reph', the short form for 'r' is a diacritic that unremarkably goes on superlative of a evidently alphabetic character. Yet, information technology is wrong to go on pinnacle of some letters similar 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by modern languages, such as कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, information technology is apt to put it on top of these letters. Past contrast, for similar sounds in modern languages which result from their specific rules, it is non put on top, such as the discussion करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stalk course of the common give-and-take करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marathi language.^[11] But it happens in most operating systems. This appears to be a mistake of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac Bone and iOS, the muurdhaja l (dark l) and 'u' combination and its long form both yield wrong shapes.^{[ citation needed ]}

Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, most notably Lao, were non officially supported by Windows XP until the release of Vista.^[12] However, various sites have fabricated free-to-download fonts.

Burmese [edit]

Due to Western sanctions^[13] and the late arrival of Burmese language support in computers,^{[14] [15]} much of the early Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font but was in fact only partially Unicode compliant.^[15] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented every bit specified in Unicode, merely others were not.^[16] The Unicode Consortium refers to this every bit ad hoc font encodings.^[17] With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such every bit Samsung and Huawei simply replaced the Unicode compliant system fonts with Zawgyi versions.^[xiv]

Due to these advert hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render as garbled text. To get around this issue, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.^[eighteen] Myanmar government has designated 1 Oct 2019 as "U-Day" to officially switch to Unicode.^[xiii] The full transition is estimated to take two years.^[19]

African languages [edit]

In sure writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such every bit the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Malawi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Democratic Republic of the Congo, just these are not generally supported. Diverse other writing systems native to Westward Africa nowadays like problems, such as the N'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.

Arabic [edit]

Another affected language is Arabic (see below). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings do not match.

Examples [edit]

File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
Arabic example:		(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Browser rendering:		الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
UTF-eight	Windows-1252	الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
	KOI8-R	О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├
	ISO 8859-5	яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй�
	CP 866	я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж
	ISO 8859-6	ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�
	ISO 8859-2	اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ�
Windows-1256	Windows-1252	ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä

The examples in this article do not have UTF-8 every bit browser setting, because UTF-eight is easily recognisable, so if a browser supports UTF-8 it should recognise it automatically, and non try to interpret something else as UTF-8.

See too [edit]

• Code point
• Replacement character
• Substitute graphic symbol
• Newline – The conventions for representing the line intermission differ between Windows and Unix systems. Though almost software supports both conventions (which is trivial), software that must preserve or display the difference (e.g. version control systems and data comparison tools) tin can get substantially more difficult to utilize if not adhering to 1 convention.
• Byte lodge mark – The most in-ring way to store the encoding together with the information – prepend it. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, but volition past design be perceived as "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
• HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, more often than not optional, but required for sure characters to escape interpretation as markup.

  While failure to utilize this transformation is a vulnerability (see cross-site scripting), applying it too many times results in garbling of these characters. For case, the quotation mark " becomes ", ", " and so on.

• Bush hid the facts

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} King, Ritchie (2012). "Will unicode soon be the universal lawmaking? [The Data]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (7): sixty. doi:ten.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
2. ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "curl -v linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved v October 2018.
3. ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-15 .
4. ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora e-mail client". 2001-05-13. Retrieved 2014-11-01 .
5. ^ "sms-scam". June xviii, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
6. ^ p. 141, Control + Alt + Delete: A Dictionary of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, World Pequot, 2007, ISBN one-59921-039-viii.
7. ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
8. ^ "Declaring character encodings in HTML".
9. ^ "PRC GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-ten-01. Conversion map between Lawmaking page 936 and Unicode. Need manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
10. ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia'southward Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
11. ^ https://marathi.indiatyping.com/
12. ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
13. ^ ^{a b} "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches upward in Myanmar'due south digital world". The Japan Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 Dec 2019. Oct. one is "U-Day", when Myanmar officially volition prefer the new organisation.... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years ago, but Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
14. ^ ^{a b} Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Boxing of the fonts". Frontier Myanmar . Retrieved 24 Dec 2019. With the release of Windows XP service pack 2, complex scripts were supported, which made information technology possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such equally Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, Scrap, and after Zawgyi, circumscribed the rendering problem by adding extra lawmaking points that were reserved for Myanmar's ethnic languages. Non only does the re-mapping forbid future indigenous language support, it also results in a typing organization that can be confusing and inefficient, fifty-fifty for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the two near pop smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated just by capturing the largest market share, which means they support Zawgyi out of the box.
15. ^ ^{a b} Sin, Thant (vii September 2019). "Unified under 1 font organization as Myanmar prepares to migrate from Zawgyi to Unicode". Rising Voices . Retrieved 24 December 2019. Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed unlike the private and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will improve tongue processing
16. ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Code: Zawgyi Projection . Retrieved 31 Oct 2013.
17. ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Frequently Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 Dec 2019. "UTF-8" technically does non apply to ad hoc font encodings such as Zawgyi.
18. ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook'southward path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Applied science". Facebook Engineering science. Facebook. Retrieved 25 December 2019. It makes communication on digital platforms difficult, equally content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In order to improve reach their audiences, content producers in Myanmar oftentimes postal service in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a unmarried post, not to mention English language or other languages.
19. ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 Nov 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to take two years: app developer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 December 2019.

External links [edit]

murphyperearged.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake

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